Secondary batteries, also known as rechargeable batteries or batteries, refer to batteries that can be activated by charging after discharge to continue using the active substance. By utilizing the reversibility of chemical reactions, a new battery can be formed. After a chemical reaction is converted into electrical energy, electrical energy can be used to repair the chemical system, and then the chemical reaction can be converted into electrical energy, so it is called a rechargeable battery (rechargeable battery)
Secondary batteries dominate the market for portable energy storage devices, electric vehicles, and other power and electronic applications. These batteries store electricity in the form of Chemical energy and generate electricity through the electrochemical reaction process. Usually, Secondary battery consists of two electrodes, namely the anode and cathode; Electrolyte, diaphragm, and an outer shell. Secondary battery has good characteristics, such as high energy, high power density, flat discharge curve, low resistance, memoryless, and wide temperature performance . However, most batteries contain toxic substances. Therefore, the ecological impact during battery disposal must be considered. Due to its advanced technology and reasonable cost, in EV applications, storage systems with high energy density and high power density are mainly provided by batteries . Various types of electric vehicles mainly include lead-acid (LA), nickel based (Ni Fe, Ni Zn, Ni Cd, Ni MH, Ni H2), zinc halide (Zn Cl 2, Zn Br 2), metal air based (Fe Air, Al Air, Zn Air), and sodium- β (Na-S, Na-NiCl 2), high-temperature lithium (Li Al FeS, Li Al FeS 2), and general environmental lithium [lithium polymer (lithium polymer), lithium-ion (lithium ion) batteries].
